Section 2 (Understanding the ICT and Computer)
Chapter 4 

THE ICT AND THE COMPUTERS: ITS ROLES AND HISTORY  

ROLES OF ICT IN EDUCATION

• It can serve multiple teaching functions. 

• It can be used in different teaching and learning modes

• Information can be delivered in an instant. 

EVOLUTION OF ICT IN EDUCATION 

1650- The horn book. This is a wooden paddle with printed lessons that was used during the colonial era. You can find on the paper alphabets and a religious verse which children would copy to help the learn 

1820- Difference Engine. Charles Babbage was the one who designed this computing machine which was used in calculating and printing of simple math tables. 

1830- Analytical Engine. Charles Babbage designed this second computing machine which was used in calculating complicated problems by following a set of instructions. 

1870- Magic lantern. This is a primitive version of a slide projector that projected images printed on glass plates. 

1890- Chalkboard. The chalkboard is one of the biggest inventions in terms of educational technology which is still being used up to this age 

1900- Pencil. The pencil is usually found in the classrooms, in the office and even at home. 

1905- Stereoscope. This is a three dimensional viewing tool used as a source of entertainment at home and in school that were meant to be used to illustrate points made during lectures. 

1920- Radio. Radio was used for on-air classes which began popping up for any student within listening range. 

1925- Film Projector. It is also called movie projector which used for projecting images from film 

1930- Overhead projector. OHP was initially used by the U.S. Military for training purposes in World War II, but later on quickly spread to schools and other organizations. 

1936- The first Computer. This was the first freely programmable computer. 

1940- Ballpoint pen. This is useful tool in the classroom. 

Mimeograph. Mimeograph machines made copies that can be distributed. 

1947- Transistor. The transistor was invented by Bell telephone Company which one of the vital components of the computer. 

1950- Headphones. Headphones are used in schools for some listening skills and to do individual listening for audio files and the like.Slide rule. Slide Rule which was developed by William Oughtred and others. Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering. 

1951- Video Tapes. Videotapes were used as an exciting method of instruction. 

1953-IBM. International Business Machines came out with their first computer machine. 

1957- Reading Accelerator. The reading accelerator was simple device designed to help students read more efficiently. 

Skinner teaching Machine.B.F. Skinner, a behavioral scientist, developed a series of devices such as the teaching that allowed a student to proceed at his or her own pace through a regimented program of instruction. 

1958- Educational Television. Using this, there were more than 50 channels of TV which included educational programming that aired across the country. 

1959- Photocopier. Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox. 

1963- Computer Assisted Instruction. (CAI) Stanford University introduced computer – assisted instruction in mathematics and reading; offering individualized learning and allowing students to take self-pace, active roles in drill-and practice. 

Mouse. This pointing device which still being used today was invented by Douglas Engelbart.

1965. Filmstrip Viewer. Filmstrip viewer allows individual students to watch filmstrips at their own pace. 

1969- Internet. The first internet was called ARPANET, which is an interconnected network of computer networks. 

1972- Handheld calculator. Handheld calculator entered the classrooms for quick mathematical calculations. 

1972- The Scantron System of Testing. This was introduced by Michael Sokolski which allowed teachers to check and grade tests more quickly and efficiently. 

1973. The first Mobile Phone was released. 

1973- Birth of Microsoft 

1977- The apple II Computer 

1980- Plato Computer. The Plato was one of the most-used early computers. 

1981. IBM introduced its first personal computer. 

1985- CD ROM drive. CD ROM is a storage medium that could store text, video and audio. 

1985-87- Era of Educational Computer Games. Example of this are: Mavis Beacon that can teach how to type fast, Carmen Sandiego that involves learning in geography, and Number Munchers that aimed about enhancing the mathematical skills. 

1990- The World Wide Web. Tim Berners Lee gave life to WWW, which is interconnection of hyperlinked documents. 

TI-81 Calculator. This calculator graphs up to four math functions at once developed by Texas Instruments. 

1991- Laptop. The first laptop is the powerbook. 

1993- Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). These were released by apple computer Inc. and were used for computing, storing information and even keeping schedules. 

1996- Mini Computers. Nokia introduced a phone that had internet capabilities. This started a revolution of devices that were small protable computers. 

1998- First e-book reader was released. 

1999- Interactive Whiteboard. Interactive whiteboard is an instructional tool that allows computer images to be displayed on the whiteboard which can later on bow manipulated by teachers and students. 

2010- Apple I pad was released. 

2015- Interactive Mobile Apps have become the center of effective classroom learning. 

ROLES AND FUNCTION OF COMPUTER

• Computer can increase Productivity

•  Computers facilitate communication between students, teachers, and administrators.

• Computers used to access large amounts of information

• Computers can brilliant aids in teaching

• Computers can facilitate an electronic format for storage of information.

• Computers can teach subjects and enhance learning of the students